I. DEFINING THE RESEARCH PAPER
A literary research paper--unlike a research paper on abortion or euthanasia--focuses on critically analyzing/interpreting the meaning of literature. What's more, the term "research" implies that you will be incorporating research from reputable secondary sources into your paper. In short, you will be analyzing/interpreting a piece (or several pieces) of literature and supporting your analysis with "research."
The research paper must be at least eight (8) pages in length, and it must adhere to MLA standards and guidelines. Further, you must include a minimum of seven (7) sources in your paper, six (6) of which must be considered "secondary sources" (explained below), and it must include a "Works Cited" page.
II. GETTING STARTED
Your first step in writing the research paper is to decide which author (or authors) you would like to write about. You should feel free to choose from any of the authors we have discussed this semester, and you are more than welcome to find texts from your chosen author (or authors) that were not included on the syllabus.
After you have decided which author (or authors) you are interested in writing about, you need to decide which texts to include in your discussion; this may change as the paper progresses, but you should begin with a clear idea of which texts you would like to include in your analysis.
The next and most obvious step in the process is to read and then reread--several times--the text or texts you have chosen. In order to say something meaningful about a text, you need to know it backward and forward. As one critic relates, you need to "have a sure sense of what the work itself is like, how its parts function, what ideas it expresses, how it creates particular effects, and what your responses are." In short, read, reread, and then when you think you are done, read some more.
After you are comfortable with your knowledge of the text (or texts), the next step is to develop an angle of analysis. In other words, you need to decide how you want to approach and organize your paper. There are several different ways to organize a literary research paper, but more likely than not you will want to adopt one of the following organizing principles:
A. Literary Elements: A research paper that is organized around literary elements generally includes a focused discussion on one or more of the following: setting, speaker, symbolism, irony, imagery, tone, language, etc.
B. Themes: A research paper that is organized around a theme, such as death, life, love, race, gender, class, cultural identity, etc., generally includes a focused discussion on the role a particular theme plays in several pieces of literature.
C. Critical Approaches: Whether you knew it or not, you adopted a specific approach to analyzing literature in both of the essays you wrote for class, namely a "formalist" approach to interpretation. For the second essay, some of you focused on how the historical, political, and/or social context informed the work; this was called an "historical" approach to interpretation. There are, of course, a number of other "critical" approaches to interpreting literature, such as feminist, Marxist, pluralist, structuralist, poststructuralist, sociological, biographical, etc. If you are interested in adopting one or more of these models of interpretation, please let me know.
III. CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC
Choosing a topic is a difficult task, but let yourself be guided by your knowledge of the text. There is a good chance that in reading the text (or texts) carefully and in choosing an angle of analysis, you will have already in a sense decided what it is you would like to write about/argue. An excellent way of making that decision more clear is to write out several possible titles for your paper. For example, a title that reads "Religion and Politics in James Joyce's Dubliners" will likely adopt an "historical" approach to the text and discuss such issues as how the story both critiques and embodies the ideologies of late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Dublin. On the other hand, a title that reads "Symbols in the Short Works of Ernest Hemingway" will adopt a more "formalist" approach to interpretation and will likely be focused around an extremely careful discussion of the text.
IV. DEFINING THE PARTS OF THE RESEARCH PAPER
A. The Thesis Statement: As you surely know by now, a thesis statement is the main point you are trying to make about the literature you are discussing. All of the information in your paper should, in one way or another, work to support your thesis statement. A good thesis statement is ARGUMENTATIVE in nature and is supported with a detailed interpretation of the text (or texts). You DO NOT want a thesis statement that is FACTUAL (Raymond Carver is a man), or that is SPECULATIVE (What if Raymond Carver is really a woman?), or that states an OPINION (Not only is Raymond Carver a bad writer, he's also ugly).
B. Primary Material: The text, or texts, that you choose to write about are called your primary texts. They are the main material that your thesis is organized around. In other words, "primary quotations" will serve as your primary form of support (textual evidence).
C. Secondary Material: The research you will do ABOUT the author(s), text(s), and/or critical approach(es) is considered your secondary or "outside" material. In other words, you will be gathering information from outside sources that are relevant to your thesis and which help support your main points. Your goal is to balance your paper with your own analysis, with direct quotes from the text(s), and with quotes from others (secondary sources) who have written about the author(s) and/or text(s) you are discussing.
V. THE DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO CONDUCTING RESEARCH
When conducting research on a piece of literature, you should attempt to confine your research to reputable sources. In general, books and journals are considered reputable sources, while magazines and newspaper articles are considered non-reputable sources. There are, of course, exceptions to the rule, so if you find something that you would like to include in your paper as a secondary source, feel free to discuss the matter with me.
As you may or may not know, Harper's library subscribes to several academic databases, many of which contain full-text reprints of scholarly articles from reputable journals. In general, you will want to conduct your research by using these resources.
Here are a few tips for conducting research online through Harper's library:
1.) Academic Search Complete is an excellent resource for finding literary criticism. Here is how you access the database:
- From the library's home page, click on "Articles & More"
- From this page, click on "Academic Search Complete"
- From this screen, you will enter your search terms. However, before you enter your search terms, be sure to click on "Advanced Search" and note that there is an option to limit your search to "Full Text" as well "Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) Journals." Be sure to click on both of these options. Also, keep in mind that it is often useful to combine search terms with an "AND" in order to refine your search results. So, for example, if you are conducting research on Sylvia Plath's "Daddy," the following search will yield the most relevant results: Plath AND daddy.
- For a useful vodcast on using "Academic Search Complete," please click here
2.) MLA, JSTOR, Literature Resource Center, and the Literary Reference Center are also excellent databases. These databases can be accessed in the same manner as Academic Search Complete.
3.) Books are also good. If you conduct a search of the library's catalog, you will undoubtedly find a wealth of relevant material, including collections of essays on specific writers and histories of specific literary periods.
VI. SOME RULES FOR WRITING
- Include the title(s) and author(s) you are discussing in the first or second paragraph of your paper.
- Assume your reader has read the stories or poems you are discussing but does not remember them in detail. In other words, be sure to provide your readers with enough information (textual examples, etc.) so he or she can follow your analysis.
- When you directly quote something, make sure you incorporate the quote into your own analysis. Do not simply stick the quote into the middle of your writing. You must introduce it and then comment on it. In other words, make sure the context of the quote is clear, why it is important, and what it is helping to prove.
- If you are using a quote that is longer than four (4) lines (when you type it in your paper), indent the entire quotation and remove the quotation marks.
- Use quotation marks around titles of stories
- Underline titles of books
- Don't plagiarize. Plagiarism is grounds for failing the class and for possible dismissal from the college. Remember to cite a source even if you don't take the sentence(s) word for word.
VII. WORKS CITED PAGE
The "Works Cited" page gives full publication information for all of the sources you use in your paper, both primary and secondary. It is the last page of your paper, begins on its own page, and should contain the title "Works Cited" listed at the top and center of the page. The sources are listed in alphabetical order by the author's (or authors') last name(s). Below is the format for a few common entries. Though not reflected in the formatting of the examples, be sure to note that a hanging indent should be used for all citations that run for more than one line. In other words, all lines other than the first for a single entry should be indented:
BOOK (WRITTEN BY A SINGLE AUTHOR):
Bhabha, Homi. The Location of Culture. Routledge, 1994.
TWO BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR:
Gray, Spalding. Swimming to Cambodia. Theatre Communciations Group,
1985.
---. "Spalding Gray." Writers and Company, Interview with Eleanor Wachtel, Knopf, 1993, pp. 33-48.
BOOK (WITH MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR):
Best, Steven, and Douglas Kellner. Postmodern Theory: Critical Interrogations. Guilford Press, 1991.
ESSAY (IN A BOOK OF COLLECTED ESSAYS):
Thion, Serge. "Genocide as a Political Commodity." Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia, edited by Ben Kiernan, Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 1993, pp. 200-215.
ARTICLE (IN A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL):
Demastes, William W. "Spalding Gray's Swimming to Cambodia and the Evolution of an Ironic Presence." Theatre Journal, vol. 41, 1989, pp. 75-94.
ARTICLE (REPRINTED IN AN ONLINE DATABASE):
Horvitz, Deborah. "Nameless Ghosts: Possession and Dispossession in Beloved." Studies in American Fiction, vol. 17, no. 2, 1989, pp. 157-67. Literature Resource Center.
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