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Cultural Geography

Review Exercises - Chapter 4
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ANSWERS

Question 1

Define each component of the gravity model formula and describe the effects on spatial interaction if a component gets larger

 

Answer:

 

Define:

Define:

 

What happens to spatial interaction if the value of this component is larger ?

Define:

 

What happens to spatial interaction if the value of this component is larger ?

Define:

 

What happens to spatial interaction if the value of this component is larger ?

Define:

 

What happens to spatial interaction if the value of this component is larger?

Define:

 

What happens to spatial interaction if the value of this component is larger ?

 

 

 

 

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Question 2

 Why have mobility rates for the US, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia traditionally been high and why have mobility rates for the US been declining?

Mobility Rates for the US:

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Question 3

Over the last 25 years which regions of the US have experience net IN-migration and which regions have experienced net OUT-migration.

How are "net migration rates " calculated?

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Question 4

Use the diagrams below to answer the questions that follow.

 
A

SCATTER DIAGRAM
MIGRATION TO FLORIDA
FROM ALL STATES
B

SCATTER DIAGRAM
MIGRATION TO FLORIDA
1 EXTREME VALUE DELETED
C

SCATTER DIAGRAM
MIGRATION TO FLORIDA
2 EXTREME VALUES DELETED

On graph "A", put an "X" over any extreme values and circle any outliers.

Compare the three graphs. What happens to the graphs when extreme values are deleted? Why do geographers sometimes delete extreme values?

We have said that points that fall along the 45º line on the graph are predicted accurately by the gravity model. What does it mean if a point is below the line? Above the line? Which one is overpredicted and which one is underpredicted? Which one has a positive residual and which one has a negative residual?

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Question 5

 Use the map below to answer the questions that follow.

Migration to Florida was most OVER predicted by our model for which states? (if you do not know the state names you may indicate the states on the map. (For the spreadsheets see: FLspreadsheet1.gif FLspreadsheet2.gif .)

 

Migration to Florida was most UNDER predicted by our model for which states? (if you do not know the state names you may indicate the states on the map. (For the spreadsheets see: FLspreadsheet1.gif FLspreadsheet2.gif .)

 

Can you detect any spatial patterns (groups of states) on the map of residuals that are overpredicted or that are underpredicted? What explanations can you suggest for these patterns? Remember the model we used already has accounted for distance to Florida and the population of the sending state. So for this question you have to think of reasons why distance and population were not good enough to explain migration to Florida from these states.

 

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